Roma 1:18-32
Konteks1:18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people 1 who suppress the truth by their 2 unrighteousness, 3 1:19 because what can be known about God is plain to them, 4 because God has made it plain to them. 1:20 For since the creation of the world his invisible attributes – his eternal power and divine nature – have been clearly seen, because they are understood through what has been made. So people 5 are without excuse. 1:21 For although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God or give him thanks, but they became futile in their thoughts and their senseless hearts 6 were darkened. 1:22 Although they claimed 7 to be wise, they became fools 1:23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for an image resembling mortal human beings 8 or birds or four-footed animals 9 or reptiles.
1:24 Therefore God gave them over 10 in the desires of their hearts to impurity, to dishonor 11 their bodies among themselves. 12 1:25 They 13 exchanged the truth of God for a lie 14 and worshiped and served the creation 15 rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.
1:26 For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged the natural sexual relations for unnatural ones, 16 1:27 and likewise the men also abandoned natural relations with women 17 and were inflamed in their passions 18 for one another. Men 19 committed shameless acts with men and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.
1:28 And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God, 20 God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do what should not be done. 21 1:29 They are filled 22 with every kind of unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, malice. They are rife with 23 envy, murder, strife, deceit, hostility. They are gossips, 1:30 slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, contrivers of all sorts of evil, disobedient to parents, 1:31 senseless, covenant-breakers, 24 heartless, ruthless. 1:32 Although they fully know 25 God’s righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, 26 they not only do them but also approve of those who practice them. 27
Roma 2:8-9
Konteks2:8 but 28 wrath and anger to those who live in selfish ambition 29 and do not obey the truth but follow 30 unrighteousness. 2:9 There will be 31 affliction and distress on everyone 32 who does evil, on the Jew first and also the Greek, 33
Roma 9:22
Konteks9:22 But what if God, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience the objects 34 of wrath 35 prepared for destruction? 36
[1:18] 1 tn The genitive ἀνθρώπων could be taken as an attributed genitive, in which case the phase should be translated “against all ungodly and unrighteous people” (cf. “the truth of God” in v. 25 which is also probably an attributed genitive). C. E. B. Cranfield takes the section 1:18-32 to refer to all people (not just Gentiles), while 2:1-3:20 points out that the Jew is no exception (Romans [ICC], 1:104-6; 1:137-38).
[1:18] 2 tn “Their” is implied in the Greek, but is supplied because of English style.
[1:18] 3 tn Or “by means of unrighteousness.” Grk “in (by) unrighteousness.”
[1:19] 4 tn Grk “is manifest to/in them.”
[1:20] 5 tn Grk “they”; the referent (people) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[1:22] 7 tn The participle φάσκοντες (faskonte") is used concessively here.
[1:23] 8 tn Grk “exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God in likeness of an image of corruptible man.” Here there is a wordplay on the Greek terms ἄφθαρτος (afqarto", “immortal, imperishable, incorruptible”) and φθαρτός (fqarto", “mortal, corruptible, subject to decay”).
[1:23] 9 sn Possibly an allusion to Ps 106:19-20.
[1:24] 10 sn Possibly an allusion to Ps 81:12.
[1:24] 11 tn The genitive articular infinitive τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι (tou atimazesqai, “to dishonor”) has been taken as (1) an infinitive of purpose; (2) an infinitive of result; or (3) an epexegetical (i.e., explanatory) infinitive, expanding the previous clause.
[1:24] 12 tn Grk “among them.”
[1:25] 13 tn Grk “who.” The relative pronoun was converted to a personal pronoun and, because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[1:25] 15 tn Or “creature, created things.”
[1:26] 16 tn Grk “for their females exchanged the natural function for that which is contrary to nature.” The term χρῆσις (crhsi") has the force of “sexual relations” here (L&N 23.65).
[1:27] 17 tn Grk “likewise so also the males abandoning the natural function of the female.”
[1:27] 18 tn Grk “burned with intense desire” (L&N 25.16).
[1:27] 19 tn Grk “another, men committing…and receiving,” continuing the description of their deeds. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[1:28] 20 tn Grk “and just as they did not approve to have God in knowledge.”
[1:28] 21 tn Grk “the things that are improper.”
[1:29] 22 tn Grk “being filled” or “having been filled,” referring to those described in v. 28. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[1:29] 23 tn Grk “malice, full of,” continuing the description. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[1:31] 24 tn Or “promise-breakers.”
[1:32] 25 tn Grk “who, knowing…, not only do them but also approve…” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
[1:32] 26 tn Grk “are worthy of death.”
[1:32] 27 sn “Vice lists” like vv. 28-32 can be found elsewhere in the NT in Matt 15:19; Gal 5:19-21; 1 Tim 1:9-10; and 1 Pet 4:3. An example from the intertestamental period can be found in Wis 14:25-26.
[2:8] 28 tn This contrast is clearer and stronger in Greek than can be easily expressed in English.
[2:8] 29 tn Grk “those who [are] from selfish ambition.”
[2:8] 30 tn Grk “are persuaded by, obey.”
[2:9] 31 tn No verb is expressed in this verse, but the verb “to be” is implied by the Greek construction. Literally “suffering and distress on everyone…”
[2:9] 32 tn Grk “every soul of man.”
[2:9] 33 sn Paul uses the term Greek here and in v. 10 to refer to non-Jews, i.e., Gentiles.
[9:22] 34 tn Grk “vessels.” This is the same Greek word used in v. 21.
[9:22] 35 tn Or “vessels destined for wrath.” The genitive ὀργῆς (orghs) could be taken as a genitive of destination.
[9:22] 36 tn Or possibly “objects of wrath that have fit themselves for destruction.” The form of the participle could be taken either as a passive or middle (reflexive). ExSyn 417-18 argues strongly for the passive sense (which is followed in the translation), stating that “the middle view has little to commend it.” First, καταρτίζω (katartizw) is nowhere else used in the NT as a direct or reflexive middle (a usage which, in any event, is quite rare in the NT). Second, the lexical force of this verb, coupled with the perfect tense, suggests something of a “done deal” (against some commentaries that see these vessels as ready for destruction yet still able to avert disaster). Third, the potter-clay motif seems to have one point: The potter prepares the clay.
